pyq/2014/public-administration-optional-i/8

(a) Identify the main elements of Program Budgeting, Output Budgeting and 'New' Performance Budgeting. What do they have in common with PPBS? (20 marks)

(b) According to Y. Dror, "The Science of Muddling through is essentially a reinforcement of pro-inertia and anti-innovation ideas in policy-making". Comment. (15 marks)

(c) "British philosophy of administration is based on a unification of science of administration with ethics." Analyze. (15 marks)