pyq/2016/philosophy-optional-i/8

(a) How do the Naiyāyikas justify the introduction of 'Abhāva' as an independent category? Explain. (20 marks)

(b) What are Kleśas? How can these be eliminated? Explain. (15 marks)

(c) Give a critical exposition of the concept of 'Brahman' as discussed by Śaṅkara, Rāmānuja and Mādhava. (15 marks)