pyq/2019/public-administration-optional-i/6

(a) “Development dynamics is marked by a dilemma: the concept of development has a built-in participatory orientation but the practice of development has been inherently exclusionary.” Discuss. (20)

(b) A more effective system of performance appraisal should acknowledge the subjective elements in it and be less obsessed with the objective criteria. Elucidate. (15)

(c) Is William Niskanen’s “Budget Maximising Model” relevant today? Argue. (15)