pyq/2025/history-optional-ii/3

(a) “During the Carnatic Wars, the French position, which at one time dazzled the Indian world by its political successes, was destined to end in humiliation and failure.” Explain. (20 marks)

(b) Why has the ‘safety valve theory’ related to the foundation of the Indian National Congress been thoroughly discredited by recent researchers? Analyze. (20 marks)

(c) “The emergence of Gandhi signified the Indianization of the national movement.” Analyze with reference to his early movements between 1917-1922. (10 marks)