pyq/2025/history-optional-ii/7

(a) "By the time of 1932 elections, Germany's ruling classes began to feel that the only way to escape from a deep economic crisis was to hand over political power to a totalitarian agency." Explain. (20 marks)

(b) Discuss critically the salient features of Mikhail Gorbachev's domestic reforms. (20 marks)

(c) "Anti-clericalism of the Enlightenment echoed the sentiments of the Renaissance and the Reformation. Yet it neither endorsed the paganism of the Renaissance nor did it share the faith of Reformation." Discuss. (10 marks)