pyq/2021/history-optional-ii/7

(a) The rise of nationalism across nations shattered the chains which held together the empires of modern Europe. Discuss. (20 marks)

(b) In the American civil war, the victory of the North had many consequences. Some of them were direct and obvious. However, its indirect effects on American development were perhaps even more important. Comment. (20 marks)

(c) Revolutions, whether in Russia (1917) or in China (1949), are a disastrous way of transforming a country. Comment. (10 marks)